The differences in COVID-19 infection risk between ethnic minority healthcare workers and their White colleagues is likely due to home and work factors rather than biology, according to the largest and most detailed study on the subject, led by the University of Leicester, University College London and University of Nottingham.
Previous research has shown that healthcare workers from ethnic minority groups are at a disproportionately higher risk of contracting COVID-19 than their White colleagues. Baseline data from the UK-REACH study confirms this. Out of 10,772 healthcare workers on the study, Black healthcare workers were significantly more likely to have evidence of COVID-19 infection than White healthcare workers.
However, once work factors – such as job role and location, and number of patients with COVID-19 they cared for, and lifestyle factors – such as living with other healthcare workers and age are taken into account, this difference in risk is no longer seen. This implies that such home and lifestyle factors, rather than anything innate/biological, are responsible for driving the disproportionate COVID-19 risk in ethnic minority healthcare workers.
The study found that higher risk of infection from COVID-19 in healthcare workers was associated with working in nursing or midwifery, exposure to increasing numbers of patients with COVID-19, lack of access to PPE, living with another key worker, and working in hospital inpatient or ambulance settings.
Additionally, those working in Scotland and South West England were are lower risk of infection compared to healthcare workers in the West Midlands, as were those working in intensive care units (ICU).
Dr Manish Pareek, Associate Professor of Infectious Diseases at the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, and chief investigator for the UK-REACH study, said: “Our study shows the importance of occupational risk and some home life factors. For example it shows a strong association between the number of patients with COVID-19 attended by a healthcare worker and the healthcare worker’s risk of infection. This is not in all situations: where healthcare workers reported lack of access to appropriate PPE at all times their risk of infection was higher than those who did not report access issues. In terms of roles, ambulance workers were at twice the risk of infection compared to those not working in this setting.
“By contrast, those working in ICU settings, where long sleeve gowns and respirator facemasks are recommended at all times, were at lower risk that those who did not work in this setting. This supports the idea that upgrading PPE standards for all healthcare workers attending COVID-19 patients, regardless of location or type of procedure being done, may have a beneficial impact on reducing infection rates among staff.”
Dr Christopher Martin, Academic Clinical Fellow in Infectious Diseases at University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and first author of the study, said: “We identified key risk factors associated with COVID-19 infection amongst UK healthcare workers – such as younger age, job role and living with other key workers. Healthcare workers from Black ethnic groups in our study were younger, more likely to work in settings such as inpatient care, more likely to see a higher number of COVID-19 patients and less likely to report access to appropriate PPE at all times than White colleagues. They were also more likely to live with other key workers and in areas of greater deprivation.
“All these factors increase their risk of COVID-19. However, once these factors were accounted for, the difference in infection risk between Black and White healthcare workers was negligible, suggesting that differences in work and home lives of ethnic minority healthcare workers – some of which are linked to inequalities more generally – are driving differing infection rates. These important findings should inform policies, including targeted vaccination strategies and risk assessments aimed at protecting healthcare workers in future waves of the COVID-19 pandemic.”
The results are especially timely, given the emergence of the highly infectious Omicron variant of coronavirus, which may be better able to evade vaccine-induced protection against infection, potentially leading to higher number of healthcare workers contracting the disease.
The authors acknowledge that the study has limitations, such as the potential for self-selector bias, meaning that healthcare workers might be more inclined to complete the survey if they felt they had a greater risk of infection, for example. However, the study is the largest and most detailed to date looking specifically at risks for healthcare workers. The sample of 10,772 people is largely representative of the NHS workforce, albeit with fewer ancillary staff, and infection rates reported in the study are in-line with those reported in other UK studies.
The UK-REACH study is an urgent public health study jointly funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) and UK Research and Innovation (UKRI).
The results are published on MedRxiv as a pre-print, which means the findings have yet to be peer-reviewed.
Ends
Trial registration: ISRCTN 11811602
The study was approved by the Health Research Authority (Brighton and Sussex Research Ethics Committee; ethics reference: 20/HRA/4718). All participants gave informed consent.
The UK-REACH study is jointly funded by UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR). Core funding was also provided by NIHR Biomedical Research Centres.
Short summary of results
2,496 of the 10,772 HCWs (23.2%) who worked during the first UK national lockdown in March 2020 had evidence of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. In a fully adjusted model, demographic and household factors associated with increased infection risk included younger age, living with other key workers and higher religiosity. Important occupational risk factors associated with increased infection risk included attending to a higher number of COVID-19 positive patients (aOR 2.49, 95%CI 2.03–3.05 for ≥21 patients vs none), working in a nursing or midwifery role (1.35, 1.15–1.58, compared to doctors), reporting a lack of access to personal protective equipment and working in an ambulance (1.95, 1.52–2.50) or hospital inpatient setting. Those who worked in Intensive Care Units were at lower risk of infection (0.76, 0.63–0.90) than those who did not. Black HCWs were at higher risk of infection than their White colleagues; an effect which attenuated after adjustment for other known predictors.